THE INFLUENCE OF INFLATION ON INCOME, INFLATION COSTS, CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND POLICIES IN DILI, TIMOR-LESTE: A CASE STUDY OF PERMANENT CIVIL SERVANTS
Keywords:
Inflation, Income, Consumption Behavior, Permanent Civil Servants
Abstract
Inflation is a critical economic phenomenon that can have significant effect on permanent civil servants’ income and consumption. The objectives of this study are to: 1) test the effect of inflation on income; 2) test the effect of inflation-on-inflation cost; 3) test the effect of inflation on consumption behavior and 4) to the effect of inflation on preventive measure and policy in Dili, Timor-Leste that focused on permanent civil servants. We distributed 395 questionnaires to the permanent civil servants all around Dili specially whom worked at the ministries but at the end we only obtained 345 (87.34%) questionnaires from our respondents and 50 (12.66%) questionnaires are not returned, and interview were used to collect data. SMART-PLS 4.0 was used to test hypothesis. The findings revealed that inflation had significant effect on income, inflation cost and consumption behavior while there is no significant effect on preventive measure and policy.References
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FRYDMAN, C., & JENTER, D. (2010). CEO compensation. Annu. Rev. Financ. Econ., 2(1), 75-102.
GOKAL, V., & HANIF, S. (2004). Relationship between inflation and economic growth (Vol. 4). Suva: Economics Department, Reserve Bank of Fiji.
GOLDSTEIN, A., 2012. Revenge of the managers: Labor cost-cutting and the paradoxical resurgence of managerialism in the shareholder value era, 1984 to 2001. American Sociological Review, 77(2), pp.268-294.
J. F., BUSH, R. P., & ORTINAU, D. J. (2014). Marketing research (Vol. 2). Australia: McGraw-Hill Education.
HAIR, J.F., HOLLINGSSWORTH, C. L., RANDOLPH, A. B., & CHONG, A. Y. L. (2017) ‘An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research’, Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), pp. 442–458.
HASAN, M. M., & ALOGEEL, H. (2008). Understanding the inflationary process in the GCC region: The case of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
HENSELER, J., RINGLE, C. M., & SARSTEDT, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor access on December, 12 2023 15:00 Pm https://knoema.com/atlas/Timor-Leste/topics/Economy/Inflation-and-Prices/PPP-for-private-
consumption access on September, 27 2023 16:00 Pm.
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14 2023 10:00 Am.
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/863591/tim-ado-april-2023.pdf access on August, 14 2023 11:00 Am.
https://www.ezyeducation.co.uk/ezyeconomicsdetails/ezylexicon-economic-glossary/959- demand-pull-inflation.html access on August, 16 2023 09:00 Am.
https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/WLD/world/inflation-ratecpi%202022 access on August, 14 2023 10:30 Am.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/728889/trade-balance-of-timor-leste/ access on July, 14 2023
10:00 Am.
https://www.wfp.org/publications/wfp-global-operational-response-plan-update-8-june-2023 access on August, 14 2023 11:40 Am.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2021 access on August, 10 2023 10:00 Am.
ISLAM, M. A. (2013). Impact of inflation on import: An empirical study. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences, 1(6), 299-309
KHAN, M. A., KHAN, Z., & SALEEM, S. F. (2023). Monetary policy effectiveness in Asian developing economies: the moderating role of financial sector development. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 15(3), 226-247.
KAHNEMAN, D., & TVERSKY, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American psychologist, 39(4), 341.
KARGER, D. W., & BAYHA, F. H. (1977). Engineered Work Measurement: The principles, techniques, and data of Methods-time Measurement, modern Time and Motion Study, and related Applications Engineering data.
KUTTNER, K. N., & POSEN, A. S. (2001). Beyond bipolar: A three‐dimensional assessment of monetary frameworks. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 6(4), 369-387.
LEEPER, E. M. (1991). Equilibria under ‘active’and ‘passive’monetary and fiscal policies.
Journal of monetary Economics, 27(1), 129-147.
LEVIN, A. T., NATALUCCI, F. M., & Piger, J. M. (2004). The macroeconomic effects of inflation targeting. Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis, 86(4), 51-8.
LEVY-YEYATI, E. L., & Sturzenegger, F. (2001). Exchange rate regimes and economic performance. UTDT, CIF Working Paper, (2/01).
LINDH, T., & MALMBERG, B. (2000). Can age structure forecast inflation trends?. Journal of Economics and Business, 52(1-2), 31-49.
LOAYZA, N., & Soto, R. (2003). On the measurement of market-oriented reforms. Available at SSRN 625248.
MANKIW, N. G. (2009). Principles of microeconomics.
MANKIW, N. G., REIS, R., & WOLFERS, J. (2003). Disagreement about inflation expectations. NBER macroeconomics annual, 18, 209-248.
MCCALL, L., & PERCHESKI, C. (2010). Income inequality: New trends and research directions. Annual review of sociology, 36, 329-347.
MODIGLIANI, F. (1966). The life cycle hypothesis of saving, the demand for wealth and the supply of capital. Social research, 160-217.
MORGAN, S. L., & CHA, Y. (2007). Rent and the evolution of inequality in late industrial United States. American Behavioral Scientist, 50(5), 677-701.
MORGAN, S. L., & CHA, Y. (2007). Rent and the evolution of inequality in late industrial United States. American Behavioral Scientist, 50(5), 677-701.
MORRIS, M., & WESTERN, B. (1999). Inequality in Earnings at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Annual review of sociology, 25(1), 623-657.
MWITA, K. (2022). Factors to consider when choosing data collection methods. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 11(5), 532-538.
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